On basic definitions of unified fracture mechanics terminology

The adoption of unified fracture mechanics terminology (UFMT) will promote efficient communication between specialists in different fields of fracture research, harmonization of national and international standards relating to fracture mechanics, and last but not least improvement of the existing methodology for teaching and education in fatigue and fracture. In this paper the definitions of some basic and related terms included in different standards on fracture mechanics terminology are confronted with one another. Alternative definitions of the same terms are offered. By this strategy the author tries to show that the definitions of basic and related terms appropriate for the UFMT should emerge as a consequence of harmonizing a crack model with an actual crack and then both taken together with a fracture model, laboratory test methods, and failure assessment codes.Published in Problemy Prochonsti, No. 1, pp. 17–29, January, 1996.This paper is published as a matter of discussion.     

A Review of Dynamic Fracture Studies in Functionally Graded Materials

Abstract:  This article presents a review of dynamic fracture studies on functionally graded materials. A brief literature review on the fracture mechanics of graded materials is presented first. This is followed by a discussion on the higher-order asymptotic analysis of the transient elastic field surrounding the tip of a dynamically growing crack in a functionally graded material. A comprehensive experimental study of dynamic crack growth in model functionally graded material using the optical method of reflection photoelasticity and high-speed photography is then presented. The results are analysed to establish a generalised relationship between the crack velocity and the dynamic mode-I stress intensity factor (SIF). This relationship is found to be unique and is distinctly different from that previously established for the matrix material (polyester). Finally, an innovative experimental procedure is used to demonstrate the necessity of employing a fully transient stress-field representation in the analysis of optical data for an accurate prediction of the dynamic SIF history.     

压裂斜井时射孔处雁形裂缝产生及干扰分析

在已射孔的斜井压裂过程中，射孔孔眼处会出现一系列的几乎相互平行的雁形裂缝。这些裂缝的延伸、连接受到地层应力及裂缝本身的影响，情况较为复杂，但它们的延伸和连接对压裂的成功与否至关重要。笔者对裂缝模型进行简化，将复变函数理论与位错理论相结合，并且考虑了裂缝表面有流体压力作用且裂缝之间存在相互干扰的情况下，建立了无限大介质中裂尖应力强度因子的数学模型，利用该模型可对雁型裂缝之间的相互干扰进行力学分析。应用数值方法对所建立的数学模型求解，得到裂尖的应力强度因子及转角，来预测裂缝连接情况。该结果可用来指导压裂井的射孔施工。     

Reticulated Porous Multiphase Ceramics with Improved Compressive Strength and Fracture Toughness

A multiphase reticulated porous ceramic (RPC) as Si₃N₄–Al₂O₃–SiO₂ was fabricated by replication techniques. Proper volumes of additives and twice sinter- twice immerse process endow the RPC an excellent crack healing and submerging property. The compressive strength and fracture toughness improved owing to the crack bridging behavior. The existence of pores in struts in RPC blunt the crack tip and increased the external force needed to propagate the crack. The mechanisms play a beneficial role in enhancing the compressive strength and fracture strength. Si₃N₄ RPC with additives of 5%Al and 5% Al₂O₃ yielded the compressive strength of 9.8 MPa and fracture toughness of 0.3 MPa m^1/2.     

高强铝合金断裂韧性的研究现状及展望

通过对三种裂纹模式的概述，引出了铝合金断裂韧性的概念及断裂判据，重点评述了影响高强铝合金断裂韧性的内在与外在因素，以及断裂韧性与其它力学性能间的关系，最后提出了几个在今后的研究及应用中需要重点解决的问题。     

LiNbO_3晶体的力学参数与晶面取向间的关系

本实验采用 LiNbO_3 单晶,取四种不同晶面指向的样品进行了力学参数,如断裂强度σ_f、断裂功γ_f、断裂韧性 K_(Ic)和弹性模量 E 的测量。在三点弯曲试验条件下,对 LiNbO_3 单晶不同取向时的声发射特征也作了研究。实验发现,σ_f、γ_f 和 E 与晶面间距、晶面上的离子排列关系较为明显,声发射信号随单晶的取向不同而变化,这是其各向异性结构所致。     

三点弯曲下的钢纤维高强混凝土断裂能

通过100个尺寸为100mm×100mm×515mm的不同体积率的钢纤维高强混凝土切口梁三点弯曲试验,探讨了钢纤维体积率和裂缝相对切口深度对高强混凝土断裂能和作用力功的影响。结果表明,钢纤维改善了高强混凝土的断裂性能与延性。钢纤维高强混凝土断裂能增益比、作用力功增益比以及延性指数随着钢纤维体积率的增加而线性增加,随着切口深度的增加而降低;外力功对断裂能的大小起较大作用。在分析试验结果的基础上,建立了钢纤维高强混凝土作用力功和断裂能的计算公式。     

静水压力下混凝土双K断裂参数试验测定

本文主要研究混凝土在机械荷载和水压力的双重作用下，裂缝的起裂、扩展和失稳断裂情况。试验采用楔入劈拉试件，试验时每间隔一定的机械荷载，施加一个循环的一定数值的水压力，直至试件断裂。试验采用“恒定裂缝张开位移”和“恒定荷载”两种加载方式，恒定裂缝张开位移是对水压力作用下的试件进行的定性对比分析，恒定荷载是对固定水压力作用下的试件，通过表面粘贴应变片的方法监测裂缝的起裂和扩展长度。采用混凝土裂缝扩展的双K断裂准则计算了粘聚韧度、失稳韧度和起裂韧度，并与试验测定结果进行了比较。结果表明，随着水压力的逐渐增大，试件的可承受最大荷载逐渐减小，裂缝的起裂提前。     

Theoretical Investigation of Time Suboptimal Control of Industrial Manipulators Along Specified Paths

A method for the time suboptimal control of an industrial manipulator from an initial position and orientation to a final position and orientation as it moves along a specified path is proposed. Nonlinear system equations that describe the manipulator motion are linearized at each time step along the path. A method which gives the control inputs (joint angular velocities) for time suboptimal control of the manipulator is developed. In the formulation, joint angular velocity and acceleration limitations are also taken into consideration. A six degree of freedom elbow type manipulator is used in numerical examples to verify the method developed.